{"id":6964,"date":"2022-10-24T08:00:22","date_gmt":"2022-10-24T08:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/?p=6964"},"modified":"2022-10-20T20:46:06","modified_gmt":"2022-10-20T20:46:06","slug":"la-deviance-entre-leconomie-des-mesures-de-compensation-et-leconomie-de-lenvironnement-2eme-partie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/la-deviance-entre-leconomie-des-mesures-de-compensation-et-leconomie-de-lenvironnement-2eme-partie\/","title":{"rendered":"La d\u00e9viance entre l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie des mesures de compensation et l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie de l&rsquo;environnement 2\u00e8me partie"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"6964\" class=\"elementor elementor-6964\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-17f80a8 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"17f80a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5029298\" data-id=\"5029298\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f0dca elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"95f0dca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.13.3 - 28-05-2023 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}<\/style><div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c6d366 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9c6d366\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fca34a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7fca34a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-db7b39a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"db7b39a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-wider\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-752f846\" data-id=\"752f846\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c220b42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c220b42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15fae65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15fae65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.13.3 - 28-05-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style><p>24\/10\/2022<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85884bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"85884bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a851ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a851ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.13.3 - 28-05-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La d\u00e9viance entre l'\u00e9conomie des mesures de compensation\net l'\u00e9conomie de l'environnement (partie 2)\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8d55f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a8d55f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c3771 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47c3771\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p><i>You can find <a href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/comment-les-methodes-de-rewildling-ont-elles-evolue-au-cours-du-temps-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>la premi\u00e8re partie de cet article ici.<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/i><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81ad1a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"81ad1a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p>On voit bien que les enjeux en terme de biodiversit\u00e9 s&rsquo;ils ne sont abord\u00e9s qu&rsquo;en terme de services rendus demeurent limit\u00e9s. Les notions de protection de la biodiversit\u00e9 et de protection des services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques ne se recoupent que partiellement.<\/p><p>Aborder les politiques publiques sous cet angle revient donc \u00e0 <strong>abandonner des pans entiers de nature&#8230;<\/strong><\/p><p>Car, premi\u00e8rement, un service n&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;un service du point de vue de son b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire et cela peut \u00e9voluer avec le temps.<\/p><p>Deuxi\u00e8mement, La notion de service rel\u00e8ve du registre normatif (qui fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 une id\u00e9e du bien) et non descriptif.<\/p><p>Troisi\u00e8mement, les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices doivent -ils \u00eatre pens\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on individuelle ou collective ? Subjective ou objective ? Encore faut-il que nos pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences concourent toutes \u00e0 notre bien-\u00eatre&#8230;<\/p><p>On en est donc arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 une <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">instrumentalisation de la nature<\/span> par l&rsquo;\u00e9quation suivante :<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ee9282 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ee9282\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p><strong>La nature a une valeur (de bien-\u00eatre + \u00e9conomique) pour l&rsquo;homme DONC elle a une utilit\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03b2456 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"03b2456\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.13.3 - 28-05-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style><figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/MG_1082-768x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-3377\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/MG_1082-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/MG_1082-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/MG_1082-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/MG_1082-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/MG_1082-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/MG_1082-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87385b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87385b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p>A partir de cette notion, Il y a certaines <strong>valeurs qui s&rsquo;\u00e9changent directement sur le march\u00e9<\/strong> (les arbres, les droits d&rsquo;entr\u00e9e dans des parcs&#8230;) et on ram\u00e8ne la valeur des biens \u00e0 ce qui les menace (cours du bois = valeur de la for\u00eat ; cours du poisson = valeur des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes marins).<\/p><p>D&rsquo;autres sont reli\u00e9es \u00e0 des <strong>co\u00fbts plus difficiles \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer<\/strong>: (ex : les co\u00fbts de transport pour arriver \u00e0 un site exceptionnel ou le prix de l&rsquo;immobilier quand le bien est dans une zone environnementale prot\u00e9g\u00e9e).<\/p><p>D&rsquo;autres valeurs sont <strong>mesur\u00e9es en fonction du co\u00fbt de substitution<\/strong> (ex : restauration d&rsquo;une rivi\u00e8re versus cr\u00e9ation d&rsquo;un bassin), ce qui \u00e9volue souvent avec le temps et les techniques.<\/p><p>D&rsquo;autres valeurs sont <strong>pos\u00e9es sur un march\u00e9 fictif<\/strong> (ex : combien seriez-vous pr\u00eat \u00e0 payer\/recevoir pour prot\u00e9ger\/sacrifier&#8230;)&#8230;<\/p><p>La propagation de l&rsquo;id\u00e9e que toutes les valeurs peuvent \u00eatre mesurables et quantifiables repr\u00e9sente un vrai danger. Et on l&rsquo;a vu dans un premier post, quelle valeur pour l&rsquo;amiti\u00e9 ?<\/p><p>Par ailleurs, on parle de valeur au singulier, mais en \u00e9conomie on distingue la valeur d&rsquo;usage (= une chose nous est utile) et la valeur d&rsquo;\u00e9change (= son prix).<br \/>Or on sait qu&rsquo;il y a des choses \u00e0 forte valeur d&rsquo;usage (l&rsquo;eau) mais \u00e0 faible valeur d&rsquo;\u00e9change (un diamant) et vice et versa.<\/p><p><strong>On se rend donc compte que toute \u00e9valuation mon\u00e9taire ne rend pas bien compte de la valeur intrins\u00e8que d&rsquo;une chose et comme il n&rsquo;y a pas de march\u00e9 de la nature on ne parle jamais que de sa valeur d&rsquo;usage, ce qui est incomplet.<\/strong><\/p><p>C&rsquo;est en confondant ces deux notions, qu&rsquo;on finit par dire \u00ab il faut donner un prix \u00e0 la nature pour pouvoir la prot\u00e9ger \u00bb (Le monde, 20\/10\/2010).<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9a7610 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b9a7610\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/3JL2291-768x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-3427\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/3JL2291-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/3JL2291-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/3JL2291-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/3JL2291-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/3JL2291-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/3JL2291-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95ad16d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95ad16d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p>De son c\u00f4t\u00e9, <b>la philosophie distingue la valeur intrins\u00e8que (en soi) et la valeur instrumentale <\/b>(= moyen pour atteindre une autre fin, comme l&rsquo;argent). Donc quand l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie entend estimer la valeur de la biodiversit\u00e9, elle agr\u00e8ge des valeurs tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rente qui n&rsquo;ont pas toutes la m\u00eame unit\u00e9.<br \/>Et il faut imp\u00e9rativement diff\u00e9rencier les valeurs quantifiables par des \u00e9l\u00e9ments ext\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 nous. Or si notre identit\u00e9 est faite d&rsquo;interactions complexes et permanentes avec la nature, comment la quantifier comme si elle \u00e9tait hors de nous ?<\/p><p>Ces \u00e9valuations trouvent encore plus leurs limites dans les valeurs culturelles, esth\u00e9tiques, spirituelles ou morales.<\/p><p><strong>Alors il y a-t-il une solution ?<\/strong><\/p><p>Si on admet que les activit\u00e9s humaines sont la cause d&rsquo;une transformation radicale et irr\u00e9versible de la plan\u00e8te, et que le moteur de celle-ci est le moteur \u00e9conomique, rien ne sert de chercher une solution dans la logique qui pose le probl\u00e8me. Par contre si on reconna\u00eet la multiplicit\u00e9 des valeurs accord\u00e9es au monde naturel, si on souhaite les \u00e9tudier dans leur diversit\u00e9 et d\u00e9velopper des espaces et des prises en compte de celles-ci, alors il y a une voie.<\/p><p>Certains ont avanc\u00e9 le concept de <strong>paiements pour services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques<\/strong> (ou PSE). C&rsquo;est un syst\u00e8me qui vise non plus \u00e0 condamner les mauvais acteurs, mais \u00e0 r\u00e9compenser les bonnes pratiques afin d&rsquo;encourager les comportements favorables \u00e0 la biodiversit\u00e9.<\/p><p>Ce concept est s\u00e9duisant mais pose d&rsquo;autres questions : ce paiement est instaur\u00e9 pour quels services ? La protection d&rsquo;un espace ne va-t-elle pas encourager la surexploitation d&rsquo;un autre ? Quid de la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 de la mesure si l&rsquo;incitation financi\u00e8re n&rsquo;est pas renouvel\u00e9e ? Comment \u00e9valuer l&rsquo;effet de ces mesures ?<\/p><p>En France, la loi sur l&rsquo;environnement de 1976, renforc\u00e9e par les accords du Grenelle de l&rsquo;environnement, oblige les porteurs de projets \u00e0 EVITER puis REDUIRE leur impact sur les milieux naturels. Lorsque des dommages r\u00e9siduels demeurent ils sont dans l&rsquo;obligation de COMPENSER ces impacts. Aujourd&rsquo;hui des op\u00e9rateurs proposent sur le march\u00e9 des actifs de nature pour permettre aux destructeurs de s\u2019acquitter facilement de leurs obligations (ex de la CDC-Biodiversit\u00e9 en plaine de Crau ).<\/p><p>Ce syst\u00e8me n&rsquo;est pas optimum mais il permet de sauvegarder certains espaces remarquables a fort potentiel de r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration.<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0da343 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0da343\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Donc \u00e0 tout vouloir mon\u00e9tariser, on \u00e9loigne les gens de leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 nouer une relation \u00e9thique avec le monde naturel. Et c&rsquo;est cette capacit\u00e9 que terres \u00e0 Terre veut d\u00e9velopper.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86a6a2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86a6a2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<em><strong> <\/strong><\/em>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e27368 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2e27368\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-389ed9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"389ed9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7471574 elementor-grid-eael-col-3 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-grid-tablet-eael-col-2 elementor-grid-mobile-eael-col-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-post-grid\" data-id=\"7471574\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;eael_post_grid_columns&quot;:&quot;eael-col-3&quot;,&quot;eael_post_grid_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;eael-col-2&quot;,&quot;eael_post_grid_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;eael-col-1&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"eael-post-grid.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"eael-post-grid-7471574\" class=\"eael-post-grid-container\">\n            <div class=\"eael-post-grid eael-post-appender eael-post-appender-7471574 eael-post-grid-style-two\" data-layout-mode=\"grid\"><article class=\"eael-grid-post eael-post-grid-column\" data-id=\"7229\">\n        <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder\">\n            <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder-inner\"><div class=\"eael-entry-media\"><div class=\"eael-entry-overlay zoom-in\"><i class=\"fab fa-envira\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/la-terre-se-souvient-de-nous\/\"><\/a><\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-thumbnail\">\n                                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL7334-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3384\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL7334-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL7334-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL7334-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL7334-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL7334-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL7334-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\n                              <\/div>\n                      <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"eael-entry-content\">\n                                    <div class=\"eael-grid-post-excerpt\"><p>Renouer, c'est retrouver le lien unique de notre origine<\/p><a\n                                        href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/la-terre-se-souvient-de-nous\/\"\n                                        class=\"eael-post-elements-readmore-btn\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/div>\n                                <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-header-after style-two\"><div class=\"eael-entry-meta\"><span class=\"eael-meta-posted-on\"><i class=\"far fa-clock\"><\/i><time datetime=\"June 4, 2025\">June 4, 2025<\/time><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/article><article class=\"eael-grid-post eael-post-grid-column\" data-id=\"7221\">\n        <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder\">\n            <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder-inner\"><div class=\"eael-entry-media\"><div class=\"eael-entry-overlay zoom-in\"><i class=\"fab fa-envira\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/le-bois-mort\/\"><\/a><\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-thumbnail\">\n                                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL0864-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3433\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL0864-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL0864-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL0864-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL0864-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL0864-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL0864-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\n                              <\/div>\n                      <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"eael-entry-content\">\n                                    <div class=\"eael-grid-post-excerpt\"><p>Rien de plus vivant que le bois mort!<\/p><a\n                                        href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/le-bois-mort\/\"\n                                        class=\"eael-post-elements-readmore-btn\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/div>\n                                <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-header-after style-two\"><div class=\"eael-entry-meta\"><span class=\"eael-meta-posted-on\"><i class=\"far fa-clock\"><\/i><time datetime=\"March 14, 2025\">March 14, 2025<\/time><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/article><article class=\"eael-grid-post eael-post-grid-column\" data-id=\"7210\">\n        <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder\">\n            <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder-inner\"><div class=\"eael-entry-media\"><div class=\"eael-entry-overlay zoom-in\"><i class=\"fab fa-envira\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/le-renoncement-est-la-base-copy\/\"><\/a><\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-thumbnail\">\n                                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL2432-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3432\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL2432-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL2432-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL2432-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL2432-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL2432-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL2432-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\n                              <\/div>\n                      <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"eael-entry-content\">\n                                    <div class=\"eael-grid-post-excerpt\"><p>La Terre est tellement plus que l'environnement<\/p><a\n                                        href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/le-renoncement-est-la-base-copy\/\"\n                                        class=\"eael-post-elements-readmore-btn\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/div>\n                                <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-header-after style-two\"><div class=\"eael-entry-meta\"><span class=\"eael-meta-posted-on\"><i class=\"far fa-clock\"><\/i><time datetime=\"September 19, 2024\">September 19, 2024<\/time><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/article><article class=\"eael-grid-post eael-post-grid-column\" data-id=\"7202\">\n        <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder\">\n            <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder-inner\"><div class=\"eael-entry-media\"><div class=\"eael-entry-overlay zoom-in\"><i class=\"fab fa-envira\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/peut-on-mettre-un-prix-sur-la-nature-copy-copy\/\"><\/a><\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-thumbnail\">\n                                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL1342-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3412\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL1342-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL1342-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL1342-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL1342-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL1342-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/5JL1342-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\n                              <\/div>\n                      <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"eael-entry-content\">\n                                    <div class=\"eael-grid-post-excerpt\"><p>le terme de renoncement a bien souvent une connotation p\u00e9jorative...<\/p><a\n                                        href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/peut-on-mettre-un-prix-sur-la-nature-copy-copy\/\"\n                                        class=\"eael-post-elements-readmore-btn\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/div>\n                                <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-header-after style-two\"><div class=\"eael-entry-meta\"><span class=\"eael-meta-posted-on\"><i class=\"far fa-clock\"><\/i><time datetime=\"August 18, 2024\">August 18, 2024<\/time><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/article><article class=\"eael-grid-post eael-post-grid-column\" data-id=\"7188\">\n        <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder\">\n            <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder-inner\"><div class=\"eael-entry-media\"><div class=\"eael-entry-overlay zoom-in\"><i class=\"fab fa-envira\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/ne-rien-faire-ou-faire-rien\/\"><\/a><\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-thumbnail\">\n                                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/5JL8297-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-7189\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/5JL8297-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/5JL8297-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/5JL8297-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/5JL8297-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/5JL8297-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/5JL8297-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\n                              <\/div>\n                      <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"eael-entry-content\">\n                                    <div class=\"eael-grid-post-excerpt\"><p>Ne rien faire ou faire rien?<\/p><a\n                                        href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/ne-rien-faire-ou-faire-rien\/\"\n                                        class=\"eael-post-elements-readmore-btn\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/div>\n                                <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-header-after style-two\"><div class=\"eael-entry-meta\"><span class=\"eael-meta-posted-on\"><i class=\"far fa-clock\"><\/i><time datetime=\"July 14, 2024\">July 14, 2024<\/time><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/article><article class=\"eael-grid-post eael-post-grid-column\" data-id=\"7156\">\n        <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder\">\n            <div class=\"eael-grid-post-holder-inner\"><div class=\"eael-entry-media\"><div class=\"eael-entry-overlay zoom-in\"><i class=\"fab fa-envira\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/qui-etait-john-muir-pionnier-de-la-preservation-partie-3\/\"><\/a><\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-thumbnail\">\n                                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/IMG_0051-300x225.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1228\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/IMG_0051-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/IMG_0051-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/IMG_0051-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/IMG_0051-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/IMG_0051-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\n                              <\/div>\n                      <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"eael-entry-content\">\n                                    <div class=\"eael-grid-post-excerpt\"><p>Qui \u00e9tait John Muir ? (partie 3)<\/p><a\n                                        href=\"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/qui-etait-john-muir-pionnier-de-la-preservation-partie-3\/\"\n                                        class=\"eael-post-elements-readmore-btn\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/div>\n                                <\/div><div class=\"eael-entry-header-after style-two\"><div class=\"eael-entry-meta\"><span class=\"eael-meta-posted-on\"><i class=\"far fa-clock\"><\/i><time datetime=\"December 12, 2022\">December 12, 2022<\/time><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/article><\/div>\n            <div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>            <div class=\"eael-load-more-button-wrap eael-force-hide\">\n                <button class=\"eael-load-more-button\" id=\"eael-load-more-btn-7471574\" data-widget-id=\"7471574\" data-widget=\"7471574\" data-page-id=\"6964\" data-template=\"{&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;lite&quot;,&quot;file_name&quot;:&quot;default.php&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Post-Grid&quot;}\" data-class=\"Essential_Addons_Elementor\\Elements\\Post_Grid\" data-layout=\"grid\" data-page=\"1\" data-args=\"orderby=date&amp;order=desc&amp;ignore_sticky_posts=1&amp;post_status=publish&amp;posts_per_page=6&amp;offset=0&amp;post_type=post\" data-max-page=\"4\">\n                    <span class=\"eael-btn-loader button__loader\"><\/span>\n                    <span class=\"eael_load_more_text\">Load More<\/span>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La d\u00e9viance entre l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie des mesures de compensation<br \/>\net l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie de l&rsquo;environnement (partie 2)<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3377,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6964","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6964"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6964\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6992,"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6964\/revisions\/6992"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3377"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6964"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6964"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/terres-a-terre.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6964"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}